But they do have root hairs. Is it ROBERT: This is like metaphor is letting in the light as opposed to shutting down the blinds. Because if I let you go it's gonna be another 20 minutes until I get to talk. If a nosy deer happens to bump into it, the mimosa plant Curls all its leaves up against its stem. Absolutely not. He says something about that's the wrong season. He was a -- what was he? So actually, I think you were very successful with your experiment. Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at Princeton University, we turn our brain-centered worldview on its head through a series of clever experiments that show plants doing things we never would've imagined. ROBERT: Give it to the new -- well, that's what she saying. Maybe just a tenth the width of your eyelash. SUZANNE SIMARD: Jigs emerged. They somehow have a dye, and don't ask me how they know this or how they figured it out, but they have a little stain that they can put on the springtails to tell if they're alive or dead. All in all, turns out one tree was connected to 47 other trees all around it. [laughs]. /locations/california/culver-city/5399-sepulveda-blvd-bank-atm/ It was like -- it was like a huge network. ROBERT: She took that notion out of the garden into her laboratory. And what a tree needs are minerals. Plants are really underrated. I thought okay, so this is just stupid. ROBERT: Oh. ROBERT: I do want to go back, though, to -- for something like learning, like, I don't understand -- learning, as far as I understand it, is something that involves memory and storage. The magnolia tree outside of our house got into the sewer pipes, reached its tentacles into our house and busted the sewage pipe. SUZANNE SIMARD: So we know that Douglas fir will take -- a dying Douglas fir will send carbon to a neighboring Ponderosa pine. Well, maybe. JENNIFER FRAZER: I do find it magical. They run out of energy. Like the bell for the dog. The glass is not broken. Each one an ounce, an ounce, an ounce, an ounce, an ounce. Radiolab - Smarty Plants . I don't think Monica knows the answer to that, but she does believe that, you know, that we humans We are a little obsessed with the brain. You got somewhere to go? 00:34:54 - Do you really need a brain to sense the world around you? Which has, you know, for dogs has nothing to do with meat. Do you really need a brain to sense the world around you? JAD: If a plant doesn't have a brain what is choosing where to go? ROBERT: So they followed the sound of the barking and it leads them to an outhouse. ROBERT: Well, so what's the end of the story? She's not gonna use hot water because you don't want to cook your plants, you know? Could a plant learn to associate something totally random like a bell with something it wanted, like food? Wait a second. ROBERT: They stopped folding up. ANNIE: Yeah. ROBERT: Okay. ALVIN UBELL: Testing one, two. Well, I created these horrible contraptions. Just the sound of it? Like, how can a plant -- how does a plant do that? This way there is often more questions than answers, but that's part of the fun as well. It's a family business. say they're very curious, but want to see these experiments repeated. So I don't have a problem. Support Radiolab today at Radiolab.org/donate. Never mind.". And then those little tubes will wrap themselves into place. There's -- on the science side, there's a real suspicion of anything that's anthropomorphizing a plant. ROBERT: So there is some water outside of the pipe. ROBERT: No, no, no, no, no. ROBERT: They shade each other. No, I don't because she may come up against it, people who think that intelligence is unique to humans. The bell, the meat and the salivation. Pics! Yeah, I know. To remember? [laughs] When I write a blog post, my posts that get the least traffic guaranteed are the plant posts. On the outside of the pipe. But once again I kind of wondered if -- since the plant doesn't have a brain or even neurons to connect the idea of light and wind or whatever, where would they put that information? Exactly. As soon as we labeled them, we used the Geiger counter to -- and ran it up and down the trees, and we could tell that they were hot, they were boo boo boo boo boo, right? Then Monica hoists the plant back up again and drops it again. So they figured out who paid for the murder. ROBERT: And for the meat substitute, she gave each plant little bit of food. ALVIN UBELL: How much longer? Are you, like, aggressively looking around for -- like, do you wake up in the morning saying, "Now what can I get a plant to do that reminds me of my dog, or reminds me of a bear, or reminds me of a bee?". I mean, what? Would they stay in the tree, or would they go down to the roots? My name is Monica Gagliano. ROBERT: But the drop was just shocking and sudden enough for the little plant to ROBERT: Then Monica hoists the plant back up again and drops it again. Salmon consumption. Wait a second. She's working in the timber industry at the time. ROBERT: But instead of dogs, she had pea plants in a dark room. So that voice belongs to Aatish Bhatia, who is with Princeton University's Council on Science and Technology. Me first. So she's got her plants in the pot, and we're going to now wait to see what happens. And his idea was to see if he could condition these dogs to associate that food would be coming from the sound of a bell. And these acids come out and they start to dissolve the rocks. So no plants were actually hurt in this experiment. If you look at a root under a microscope, what you see is all these thousands of feelers like hairs on your head looking for water. They have to -- have to edit in this together. Then Monica hoists the plant back up again and drops it again. And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. And so I don't have a problem with that. ROBERT: And it's in that little space between them that they make the exchange. We dropped. This story JAD: You'll get your sound at some point. ROBERT: And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. JAD: So you couldn't replicate what she saw. Again, science writer Jennifer Frazer. They have to -- have to edit in this together. So the -- this branching pot thing. MONICA GAGLIANO: Exactly, which is pretty amazing. That's what she says. Because if I let you go it's gonna be another 20 minutes until I get to talk. So the question is A plant that is quite far away from the actual pipe, how does it know which way to turn and grow its roots so that it can find the water? ROBERT: That there was a kind of a moral objection to thinking it this way. ALVIN UBELL: In a tangling of spaghetti-like, almost a -- and each one of those lines of spaghetti is squeezing a little bit. It's condensation. This way there is often more questions than answers, but that's part of the fun as well. ROBERT: They're father and son. They will send out a "Oh, no! More information about Sloan at www.sloan.org]. They're not experiencing extra changes, for example. It turns that carbon into sugar, which it uses to make its trunk and its branches, anything thick you see on a tree is just basically air made into stuff. The fungi, you know, after it's rained and snowed and the carcass has seeped down into the soil a bit, the fungi then go and they drink the salmon carcass down and then send it off to the tree. We showed one of these plants to him and to a couple of his colleagues, Sharon De La Cruz ROBERT: Because we wanted them to help us recreate Monica's next experiment. Smaller than an eyelash. LINCOLN TAIZ: Yes. And the -- I'm gonna mix metaphors here, the webs it weaves. by Radiolab Follow. ROBERT: What kind of minerals does a tree need? ALVIN UBELL: The tree will wrap its roots around that pipe. ROBERT: That's a -- learning is something I didn't think plants could do. Exactly. Was it possible that maybe the plants correctly responded by not opening, because something really mad was happening around it and it's like, "This place is not safe.". "I'm in the neighborhood. You got the plant to associate the fan with food. ROBERT: So the plants are now, you know, buckled in, minding their own business. So then at one point, when you only play the bell for the dog, or you, you know, play the fan for the plant, we know now for the dogs, the dog is expecting. And I'm wondering whether Monica is gonna run into, as she tries to make plants more animal-like, whether she's just going to run into this malice from the scientific -- I'm just wondering, do you share any of that? And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. That's the place where I can remember things. They sort of put them all together in a dish, and then they walked away. Ring, meat, eat. And look, and beyond that there are forests, there are trees that the scientists have found where up to 75 percent of the nitrogen in the tree turns out to be fish food. Can you -- will you soften your roots so that I can invade your root system?" Read about Smarty Plants by Radiolab and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. Pics! When you go into a forest, you see a tree, a tall tree. ROBERT: Had indeed turned and moved toward the fan, stretching up their little leaves as if they were sure that at any moment now light would arrive. But I wonder if her using these metaphors is perhaps a very creative way of looking at -- looking at a plant, and therefore leads her to make -- make up these experiments that those who wouldn't think the way she would would ever make up. It is like a bank! If you get too wrapped up in your poetic metaphor, you're very likely to be misled and to over-interpret the data. It's okay. ROBERT: And right in the middle of the yard is a tree. She's not gonna use hot water because you don't want to cook your plants, you know? Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising . And they're digging and digging and digging. Thud. Maybe each root is -- is like a little ear for the plant. And so we're up there in this -- in this old forest with this guy. They designed from scratch a towering parachute drop in blue translucent Lego pieces. ROBERT: Let us say you have a yard in front of your house. I was like, "Oh, my God! ROBERT: So light is -- if you shine light on a plant you're, like, feeding it? No. Well, let us say you have a yard in front of your house. And does it change my place in the world? ROBERT: Now, you might think that the plant sends out roots in every direction. JAD: This -- this actually happened to me. Five, four, three, two, one, drop! And then when times are hard, that fungi will give me my sugar back and I can start growing again. I know -- I know you -- I know you don't. No, it's far more exciting than that. And it's that little, little bit of moisture that the plant will somehow sense. Like, I don't understand -- learning, as far as I understand it, is something that involves memory and storage. ROBERT: So if all a tree could do was split air to get carbon, you'd have a tree the size of a tulip. She actually trained this story in a rather elaborate experimental setup to move away from the light and toward a light breeze against all of its instincts. Tubes. Of Accurate Building Inspectors. LARRY UBELL: That -- that would be an interesting ALVIN UBELL: Don't interrupt. But it didn't happen. Again, if you imagine that the pot, my experimental pot. Because after dropping them 60 times, she then shook them left to right and they instantly folded up again. I found a little water! It involves a completely separate organism I haven't mentioned yet. ROBERT: And she was willing to entertain the possibility that plants can do something like hear. ROBERT: No. What happened to you didn't happen to us. If you get too wrapped up in your poetic metaphor, you're very likely to be misled and to over-interpret the data. So we're really -- like this is -- we're really at the very beginning of this. Now the plants if they were truly dumb they'd go 50/50. Different kind of signal traveling through the soil? Okay? But when we look at the below ground structure, it looks so much like a brain physically, and now that we're starting to understand how it works, we're going, wow, there's so many parallels. And every day that goes by, I have less of an issue from the day before. April 8, 2018 By thelandconnection. 37 minutes Posted Jul 8, 2021 at 7:35 am. ], [ROY HALLING: With help from Alexandra Leigh Young, Jackson Roach and Charu Sinha. But it was originally done with -- with a dog. They secrete acid. ROBERT: After three days of this training regime, it is now time to test the plants with just the fan, no light. No, it's far more exciting than that. AATISH BHATIA: All right. So we are going to meet a beautiful little plant called a mimosa pudica, which is a perfectly symmetrical plant with leaves on either side of a central stem. That's the place where I remember things. ROBERT: She says we now know that trees give each other loans. And I do that in my brain. So this is our plant dropper. Okay? Thanks to Jennifer Frazer who helped us make sense of all this. ROBERT: Now the plants if they were truly dumb, they'd go 50/50. ], Maria Matasar-Padilla is our Managing Director. And not too far away from this tree, underground, there is a water pipe. ROBERT: Five, four, three, two, one, drop! ROBERT: And so now we're down there. Jennifer told Latif and I about another role that these fungi play. SUZANNE SIMARD: And, you know, my job was to track how these new plantations would grow. It would be all random. And you don't see it anywhere. JENNIFER FRAZER: But we don't know. Like for example, my plants were all in environment-controlled rooms, which is not a minor detail. ], [JENNIFER FRAZER: This is Jennifer Frazer, and I'm a freelance science writer and blogger of The Artful Amoeba at Scientific American. And so of course, that was only the beginning. More information about Sloan at www.sloan.org]. ROBERT: I'm not making this up. With a California grow license for 99 plants, an individual is permitted to cultivate more than the first 6 or 12 immature plants. JENNIFER FRAZER: From a particular direction. It's not leaking. Fan first, light after. Like, if you put food into one tree over here, it would end up in another tree maybe 30 feet away over there, and then a third tree over here, and then a fourth tree over there, and a fifth tree over there. So that's what the tree gives the fungus. She says one of the weirdest parts of this though, is when sick trees give up their food, the food doesn't usually go to their kids or even to trees of the same species. JENNIFER FRAZER: Apparently, she built some sort of apparatus. So we're up to experiment two now, are we not? Monica thought about that and designed a different experiment. Exactly. Picasso! Start of message. It's a very interesting experiment, and I really want to see whether it's correct or not. Birds. Enough of that! SUZANNE SIMARD: Potassium and calcium and ROBERT: Like, can a tree stand up straight without minerals? But then, scientists did an experiment where they gave some springtails some fungus to eat. MONICA GAGLIANO: And it's good it was Sunday. ROBERT: Suzanne says she's not sure if the tree is running the show and saying like, you know, "Give it to the new guy." Along with a home-inspection duo, a science writer, and some enterprising scientists at . ROBERT: So here's what she did. And we saw this in the Bronx. JENNFER FRAZER: Well, they do it because the tree has something the fungus needs, and the fungus has something the tree needs. Yours is back of your house, but let's make it in the front. There's not a leak in the glass. JENNIFER FRAZER: It's definitely crazy. ROBERT: Just for example. ROBERT: A tree needs something else. Little fan goes on, the light goes on. Sorry! I don't know yet. Add to My Podcasts. Now, can you -- can you imagine what we did wrong? So you can get -- anybody can get one of these plants, and we did. They start producing chemicals that taste really bad. MONICA GAGLIANO: It's a very biased view that humans have in particular towards others. ROBERT: What happened to you didn't happen to us. MONICA GAGLIANO: So, you know, I'm in the dark. This is Ashley Harding from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. That was my reaction. ROBERT: Five, four, three, two, one, drop! JENNIFER FRAZER: And then they did experiments with the same fungus that I'm telling you about that was capturing the springtails, and they hooked it up to a tree. Unfortunately, right at that point Suzanne basically ran off to another meeting. I'll put it down in my fungi. SUZANNE SIMARD: There's an enemy in the midst. And if you just touch it Where all the leaves close in, like do do do do do do. It's like a savings account? JAD: Are you bringing the plant parade again? That's amazing and fantastic. It just kept curling and curling. And moved around, but always matched in the same way together. ROBERT: That would be sugar-minerals-sugar-minerals-sugar-minerals-sugar-minerals-sugar-minerals-sugar-minerals-sugar-minerals-sugar-minerals. And I do that in my brain. Pretty much like the concept of Pavlov with his dog applied. They definitely don't have a brain. ROBERT: Truth is, I think on this point she's got a -- she's right. I don't know if that was the case for your plants. If you get too wrapped up in your poetic metaphor, you're very likely to be misled and to over-interpret the data. It's a family business. Not really. So I don't have an issue with that. They can go north, south, east, west, whatever. That is cool. ROBERT: So you're like a metaphor cop with a melty heart. Reviews. Enough of that! SUZANNE SIMARD: Would just suck up through photosynthesis. SUZANNE SIMARD: I know. LARRY UBELL: It's kind of like a cold glass sitting on your desk, and there's always a puddle at the bottom. And while it took us a while to see it, apparently these little threads in the soil. In this story, a dog introduces us to a strange creature that burrows . It should have some. SUZANNE SIMARD: He'd fallen in. This feels one of those experiments where you just abort it on humanitarian grounds, you know? This is Ashley Harding from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. Then we actually had to run four months of trials to make sure that, you know, that what we were seeing was not one pea doing it or two peas, but it was actually a majority. MONICA GAGLIANO: And it's good it was Sunday. Douglas fir, birch and cedar. Can you -- will you soften your roots so that I can invade your root system?" So there is some water outside of the pipe. Like, two percent or 0.00000001 percent? So Monica moves the fans to a new place one more time. She's not gonna use hot water because you don't want to cook your plants, you know? The whole thing immediately closes up and makes it look like, "Oh, there's no plant here. Science writer Jen Frazer gave us kind of the standard story. And moved around, but always matched in the same way together. ANNIE: Yeah. What is it? [laughs]. So she takes the plants, she puts them into the parachute drop, she drops them. Or even learn? It spits out the O2. One time, the plant literally flew out of the pot and upended with roots exposed. LATIF: It's like a bank? Yes, we are related. The part where the water pipe was, the pipe was on the outside of the pot? It's a costly process for this plant, but ROBERT: She figured out they weren't tired. So we're really -- like this is -- we're really at the very beginning of this. We need to take a break first, but when we come back, the parade that I want you to join will come and swoop you up and carry you along in a flow of enthusiasm. We waiting for the leaves to, you know, stop folding. If the -- if the tube system is giving the trees the minerals, how is it getting it, the minerals? Is it, like -- is it a plant? A plant that is quite far away from the actual pipe. And she goes into that darkened room with all the pea plants. JAD: Are you bringing the plant parade again? And then all of a sudden, she says she looks down into the ground and she notices all around them where the soil has been cleared away there are roots upon roots upon roots in this thick, crazy tangle.
The African Roots Of War Dubois Summary, Vestal Classic Fireplace Insert, Articles R